Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Construction Workers Using RULA, REBA, and NBM Methods: A Case Study in Bandung, Indonesia
2026
Download PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.60164/cft04ppwoy
Authors: Mirnayani , Mohamad Ferdaus Noor Aulady, Rizqi Hadi Novianto
Citation:
Mirnayani, Noor Aulady, M.F., and Novianto, R. H. (2026) Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Construction Workers Using RULA, REBA, and NBM Methods: A Case Study in Bandung, Indonesia. Lean Construction Journal 2026 pp 249-262 https://doi.org/10.60164/cft04ppwoy (Submitted 20Oct2025; Accepted 18April2026) www.leanconstructionjournal.org
Abstract:
Question: What are the main ergonomic risk factors that contribute to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among construction workers performing physically demanding tasks?
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze ergonomic risks in construction work by applying the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) methods, supported by the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire. The aim is to identify high-risk postures, quantify risk levels, and propose effective interventions to reduce physical strain and improve worker productivity.
Research Method: This study employed field observation and quantitative posture assessment conducted at a renovation project of PT Hutama Karya in Bandung, Indonesia. Data were collected through direct observation of 20 workers engaged in tasks such as bricklaying, rebar work, concrete pouring, and manual cement mixing. Each activity was evaluated using RULA and REBA scoring sheets, while the NBM questionnaire was used to identify musculoskeletal discomfort in specific body regions.
Findings: Manual cement mixing was found to have the highest ergonomic risk, with RULA and REBA scores exceeding 8 and NBM scores above 72, indicating very high musculoskeletal stress. Other activities—such as brick lifting and concrete pouring—showed medium to high risk levels. The findings confirm that awkward postures, repetitive motions, and heavy manual handling are dominant contributors to MSDs in construction sites.
Limitations: This study was limited to one project location and did not include mechanical or environmental stressors such as vibration or temperature. Broader site variations may yield different results.
Implications: Failure to implement ergonomic improvements such as mechanical aids, posture training, and task rotation can increase injury risk, reduce productivity, and raise project costs. Integrating ergonomic assessments into construction risk management can significantly enhance safety and efficiency.
Value for authors: This study provides practical guidance on how to assess and manage ergonomic risks using combined RULA, REBA, and NBM methods—helping practitioners design safer, more efficient construction workplaces.
Keywords: ergonomics, body posture, RULA, REBA, musculoskeletal disorders, construction safety
Paper type: Case Study